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Question # 1
Which of the following makes STIX and OpenloC information readable by both humans andmachines?
A. XML B. URL C. OVAL D. TAXII
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is A. XML.
STIX and OpenloC are two standards for representing and exchanging cyber threat
intelligence (CTI) information. STIX stands for Structured Threat Information Expression
and OpenloC stands for Open Location and Identity Coordinates. Both standards use XML
as the underlying data format to encode the information in a structured and machinereadable
way. XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and it is a widely used
standard for defining and exchanging data on the web. XML uses tags, attributes, and
elements to describe the structure and meaning of the data. XML is also human-readable,
as it uses plain text and follows a hierarchical and nested structure.
XML is not the only format that can be used to make STIX and OpenloC information
readable by both humans and machines, but it is the most common and widely supported
one. Other formats that can be used include JSON, CSV, or PDF, depending on the use
case and the preferences of the information producers and consumers. However, XML has
some advantages over other formats, such as:
XML is more expressive and flexible than JSON or CSV, as it can define complex
data types, schemas, namespaces, and validation rules.
XML is more standardized and interoperable than PDF, as it can be easily parsed,
transformed, validated, and queried by various tools and languages.
XML is more compatible with existing CTI standards and tools than other formats,
as it is the basis for STIX 1.x, TAXII 1.x, MAEC, CybOX, OVAL, and others.
References:
1 Introduction to STIX - GitHub Pages
2 5 Best Threat Intelligence Feeds in 2023 (Free & Paid Tools) - Comparitech
3 What Are STIX/TAXII Standards? - Anomali Resources
4 What is STIX/TAXII? | Cloudflare
5 Sample Use | TAXII Project Documentation - GitHub Pages
6 Trying to retrieve xml data with taxii - Stack Overflow
7 CISA AIS TAXII Server Connection Guide
8 CISA AIS TAXII Server Connection Guide v2.0 | CISA
Question # 2
A security analyst found the following vulnerability on the company’s website:<INPUT TYPE=“IMAGE” SRC=“javascript:alert(‘test’);”>Which of the following should be implemented to prevent this type of attack in the future?
A. Input sanitization B. Output encoding C. Code obfuscation D. Prepared statements
Answer: A
Explanation:
This is a type of web application vulnerability called cross-site scripting (XSS), which allows an attacker to inject malicious code into a web page that is viewed by other users. XSS can
be used to steal cookies, session tokens, credentials, or other sensitive information, or to
perform actions on behalf of the victim.
Input sanitization is a technique that prevents XSS attacks by checking and filtering the
user input before processing it. Input sanitization can remove or encode any characters or
strings that may be interpreted as code by the browser, such as <, >, ", ', or javascript:.
Input sanitization can also validate the input against a predefined format or range of values,
and reject any input that does not match.
Output encoding is a technique that prevents XSS attacks by encoding the output before
sending it to the browser. Output encoding can convert any characters or strings that may
be interpreted as code by the browser into harmless entities, such as <, >, ", ', or
javascript:. Output encoding can also escape any special characters that may have a
different meaning in different contexts, such as , /, or ;.
Code obfuscation is a technique that makes the source code of a web application more
difficult to read and understand by humans. Code obfuscation can use techniques such as
renaming variables and functions, removing comments and whitespace, replacing literals
with expressions, or adding dummy code. Code obfuscation can help protect the
intellectual property and trade secrets of a web application, but it does not prevent XSS
attacks.
Question # 3
A systems administrator receives reports of an internet-accessible Linux server that isrunning very sluggishly. The administrator examines the server, sees a high amount ofmemory utilization, and suspects a DoS attack related to half-open TCP sessionsconsuming memory. Which of the following tools would best help to prove whether thisserver was experiencing this behavior?
A. Nmap B. TCPDump C. SIEM D. EDR
Answer: B
Explanation:
TCPDump is the best tool to prove whether the server was experiencing a DoS attack
related to half-open TCP sessions consuming memory. TCPDump is a command-line tool
that can capture and analyze network traffic, such as TCP, UDP, and ICMP packets.
TCPDump can help the administrator to identify the source and destination of the traffic,
the TCP flags and sequence numbers, the packet size and frequency, and other
information that can indicate a DoS attack. A DoS attack related to half-open TCP sessions
is also known as a SYN flood attack, which is a type of volumetric attack that aims to
exhaust the network bandwidth or resources of the target server by sending a large amount
of TCP SYN requests and ignoring the TCP SYN-ACK responses. This creates a backlog
of half-open connections on the server, which consume memory and CPU resources, and
prevent legitimate connections from being established12. TCPDump can help the
administrator to detect a SYN flood attack by looking for a high number of TCP SYN
packets with different source IP addresses, a low number of TCP SYN-ACK packets, and a
very low number of TCP ACK packets34. References: SYN flood DDoS attack | Cloudflare,
What is a SYN flood attack and how to prevent it? | NETSCOUT, TCPDump - A Powerful
Tool for Network Analysis and Security, How to Detect a SYN Flood Attack with TCPDump
Question # 4
Which of the following is the best action to take after the conclusion of a security incident toimprove incident response in the future?
A. Develop a call tree to inform impacted users B. Schedule a review with all teams to discuss what occurred C. Create an executive summary to update company leadership D. Review regulatory compliance with public relations for official notification
Answer: B
Explanation: One of the best actions to take after the conclusion of a security incident to
improve incident response in the future is to schedule a review with all teams to discuss
what occurred, what went well, what went wrong, and what can be improved. This review is
also known as a lessons learned session or an after-action report. The purpose of this
review is to identify the root causes of the incident, evaluate the effectiveness of the
incident response process, document any gaps or weaknesses in the security controls, and
recommend corrective actions or preventive measures for future incidents. Official
Which of the following should be updated after a lessons-learned review?
A. Disaster recovery plan B. Business continuity plan C. Tabletop exercise D. Incident response plan
Answer: D
Explanation: A lessons-learned review is a process of evaluating the effectiveness and
efficiency of the incident response plan after an incident or an exercise. The purpose of the
review is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the incident response plan, and to
update it accordingly to improve the future performance and resilience of the organization.
Therefore, the incident response plan should be updated after a lessons-learned review.
References: The answer was based on the NCSC CAF guidance from the National Cyber
Security Centre, which states: “You should use post-incident and post-exercise reviews to
actively reduce the risks associated with the same, or similar, incidents happening in future.
Lessons learned can inform any aspect of your cyber security, including: System
configuration Security monitoring and reporting Investigation procedures
Containment/recovery strategies”
Question # 6
A malicious actor has gained access to an internal network by means of social engineering.The actor does not want to lose access in order to continue the attack. Which of thefollowing best describes the current stage of the Cyber Kill Chain that the threat actor iscurrently operating in?
A. Weaponization B. Reconnaissance C. Delivery D. Exploitation
Answer: D
Explanation: The Cyber Kill Chain is a framework that describes the stages of a
cyberattack from reconnaissance to actions on objectives. The exploitation stage is where attackers take advantage of the vulnerabilities they have discovered in previous stages to
further infiltrate a target’s network and achieve their objectives. In this case, the malicious
actor has gained access to an internal network by means of social engineering and does
not want to lose access in order to continue the attack. This indicates that the actor is in the
exploitation stage of the Cyber Kill Chain. Official References:
Which of the following best describes the process of requiring remediation of a knownthreat within a given time frame?
A. SLA B. MOU C. Best-effort patching D. Organizational governance
Answer: A
Explanation: An SLA (Service Level Agreement) is a contract or agreement between a
service provider and a customer that defines the expected level of service, performance,
quality, and availability of the service. An SLA also specifies the responsibilities,
obligations, and penalties for both parties in case of non-compliance or breach of the
agreement. An SLA can help organizations to ensure that their security services are
delivered in a timely and effective manner, and that any security incidents or vulnerabilities
are addressed and resolved within a specified time frame. An SLA can also help to
establish clear communication, expectations, and accountability between the service
provider and the customer12
An MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) is a document that expresses a mutual
agreement or understanding between two or more parties on a common goal or objective.
An MOU is not legally binding, but it can serve as a basis for future cooperation or collaboration. An MOU may not be suitable for requiring remediation of a known threat
within a given time frame, as it does not have the same level of enforceability, specificity, or
measurability as an SLA.
Best-effort patching is an informal and ad hoc approach to applying security patches or
updates to systems or software. Best-effort patching does not follow any defined process,
policy, or schedule, and relies on the availability and discretion of the system administrators
or users. Best-effort patching may not be effective or efficient for requiring remediation of a
known threat within a given time frame, as it does not guarantee that the patches are
applied correctly, consistently, or promptly. Best-effort patching may also introduce new
risks or vulnerabilities due to human error, compatibility issues, or lack of testing.
Organizational governance is the framework of rules, policies, procedures, and processes
that guide and direct the activities and decisions of an organization. Organizational
governance can help to establish the roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities of different
stakeholders within the organization, as well as the goals, values, and principles that shape
the organizational culture and behavior. Organizational governance can also help to ensure
compliance with internal and external standards, regulations, and laws. Organizational
governance may not be sufficient for requiring remediation of a known threat within a given
time frame, as it does not specify the details or metrics of the service delivery or
performance. Organizational governance may also vary depending on the size, structure,
and nature of the organization.
Question # 8
Which of the following can be used to learn more about TTPs used by cybercriminals?
A. ZenMAP B. MITRE ATT&CK C. National Institute of Standards and Technology D. theHarvester
Answer: B
Explanation: MITRE ATT&CK is a globally accessible knowledge base of adversary
tactics and techniques based on real-world observations. It is used as a foundation for the
development of specific threat models and methodologies in the private sector, in
government, and in the cybersecurity product and service community. It can help security
professionals understand, detect, and mitigate cyber threats by providing a comprehensive
framework of TTPs.
References: MITRE ATT&CK, Getting Started with ATT&CK, MITRE ATT&CK | MITRE
Question # 9
An analyst is evaluating a vulnerability management dashboard. The analyst sees that apreviously remediated vulnerability has reappeared on a database server. Which of thefollowing is the most likely cause?
A. The finding is a false positive and should be ignored. B. A rollback had been executed on the instance. C. The vulnerability scanner was configured without credentials. D. The vulnerability management software needs to be updated.
Answer: B
Explanation:
A rollback had been executed on the instance. If a database server is restored to a
previous state, it may reintroduce a vulnerability that was previously fixed. This can happen
due to backup and recovery operations, configuration changes, or software updates. A
rollback can undo the patching or mitigation actions that were applied to remediate the
vulnerability. References: Vulnerability Remediation: It’s Not Just Patching, Section: The
Remediation Process; Vulnerability assessment for SQL Server, Section: Remediation
Question # 10
A security program was able to achieve a 30% improvement in MTTR by integratingsecurity controls into a SIEM. The analyst no longer had to jump between tools. Which ofthe following best describes what the security program did?
A. Data enrichment B. Security control plane C. Threat feed combination D. Single pane of glass
Answer: D
Explanation: A single pane of glass is a term that describes a unified view or interface that
integrates multiple tools or data sources into one dashboard or console. A single pane of
glass can help improve security operations by providing visibility, correlation, analysis, and
alerting capabilities across various security controls and systems. A single pane of glass
can also help reduce complexity, improve efficiency, and enhance decision making for
security analysts. In this case, a security program was able to achieve a 30% improvement
in MTTR by integrating security controls into a SIEM, which provides a single pane of glass
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